Grammar
Sentence structure
Statement sentence-
This language is a SOV (subject–object–verb) language. For instance, "My name is Bilat (Birat)" is "Jigu Na'aa Bilat Khaa'a " which word by word translation becomes, "My (Jigu) Name (Na'aa) Bilat is (Khaa'a)".
Interrogative sentence-
Wh-question:
In case of Newari language, Wh-questions are rather "G-questions" with "when/which" being replaced by "Gublay/Gugu" respectively. There is an additional "Guli" which is used for "How much/How many". A S-word "Soo" is used for "who". "Chhoo/Schoo (with a silent 's')" is used for "What", and "Gathey" is used for "How".
. Affixes
i. Suffix- "Chaa" and "Ju" are two popular suffixes. "Chaa" is added to signify "junior" or "lesser". But when added to a name, it is used derogatorily. For example, kya'ah-chaa means nephew where "chaa" is being added to kya'ah(son). When added to name like Birat for "Birat-chaa", it is being used derogatorily. The suffix "ju" is added to show respect. For example, "Baa-ju" means "father-in-law" where "ju" is added to "Baa(father)". Unlike "chaa", "ju" is not added to a first/last name directly. Instead, honorific terms like "Bhaaju" is added for males and "Mayju" for females. Example, "Birat bhaaju" for a male name (Birat) and "Suja Mayju" for a female name (Suja).
ii. Prefix – "Tap'ah" is added to denote "remote" or "distant" relative ('distance' in relationship irrespective of spatial extent). A distant (younger) brother (kija) becomes "tap'ah-kija". "Tuh" is added to denote "higher". Father (baa)'s senior brother is referred to as "Tuh-baa".
Some common phrases and terms in Nepal Bhasa and Nepali
English/Nepal Bhasa /Devanagari/Nepal Bhasa/Roman script/Khas Bhasa (Nepali)
Hello ज्वजलपा Jvajalapā! Namaste
What is your name? छिगु नां: छु खः ? Chigu nāṁḥ chu khaḥ? Tapa'ee'ko naam k' ho?
My name is ___ जिगु नां: ___ ख: Jigu nāṁ: ___ khaḥ. Mero naam ___ ho
New Year greetings न्हूदँया भिंतुना Nhūdaṁyā bhintunā Na'ya barsh'a ko'o shubkamana
Numericals
The numericals used in Nepal Bhasa have ten digits from 0-9. The numericals used in Ranjana script are as follows (from 0 to 9)
The same numericals in Devnagari are:
In Devanāgarī
० .....१.....२.....३.....४.....५.....६.....७.....८.....९
0.....1.....2.....3.....4.....5.....6.....7.....8.....9
गुलिः ..छिः.. नसिः.. साेः.. पिः ..न्याः .. खुः .. न्हेः . .च्याः .. गुः
Consonants
The consonants, called BaAkha(बाआखः), used in Nepal Bhasa
are:
क ख ग घ ङ
k
/k/ kh
/kʰ/ g
/ɡ/ gh
/ɡʱ/ ng
/ŋ/
च छ ज झ ञ
ch
/cɕ/ or /ts/ chh
/cɕʰ/ j or z
/ɟʝ/ or /dz/ jh or zh
/ɟʝʱ/ or /dzʱ/ ny
/ɲ/
ट ठ ड ढ ण
t
/ʈ/ th
/ʈʰ/ d
/ɖ/ dh
/ɖʱ/ n
/ɳ/
त थ द ध न
t
/t̪/ th
/t̪ʰ/ d
/d̪/ dh
/d̪ʱ/ n
/n̪/
प फ ब भ म
p
/p/ ph or f
/pʰ/ or /f/ b
/b/ bh
/bʱ/ m
/m/
य र ल व
y
/j/ r
/ɾ/ l
/l/ v or w
/v/ or /w/
श ष स ह
s
/ɕ/ sh
/ʃ/ s
/s/ h
/h/
क्ष त्र ज्ञ
ksh
/kʃ/ tr
/t̪ɾ/ gny
/ɡɲ/
Vowels
The vowels, called MaAkha (माआखः) used in Nepal Bhasa are
Orthography अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ अं अः ऋ ॠ ऌ ॡ
Roman a aa i ii u uu e ai o au am aha ru Ru lru lRuu
IPA /ə/ /ɑː/ /i/ /iː/ /u/ /uː/ /eː/ /əi/ /oː/ /əu/ /əⁿ/ /əʰ/ /ru/ /ruː/ /lru/ /lruː/
Even though ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ॡ are present in Nepal Bhasa, they are rarely used. Instead, some experts suggest including अय् (aya)and आय् (aaya) in the list of vowels
Sounds
The sounds are traditionally listed in the order vowels (monophthongs and diphthongs), anusvara and visarga, stops (plosives and nasals) (starting in the back of the mouth and moving forward), and finally the liquids and fricatives, written in IAST as follows (see the tables below for details):
a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ ; e ai o au
ṃ ḥ
k kh g gh ṅ; c ch j jh ñ; ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ; t th d dh n; p ph b bh m
y r l v; ś ṣ s h
Dialects
The main dialects of Nepal Bhasa are
Dolkhali (Dolakha)
Main article: Dolakhae dialect
This is the most preserved form of the language and resembles the old Nepal Bhasa.
Sindhupalchowk Pahri (Pahri, Pahari)
This dialect has similar vocabulary as the Yala subdialect of Yen-Yala-Kyepu dialect. However, the language is spoken with a Tamang language tone.
Now-a-days, in this district the Tamang caste lives more than other castes. In the new Nepal's constitutional assembly, the largest party of Nepal proposed in Tamsaling Rajya for this district in their federation module.
Totali
Chitlang
This dialect is used in Chitlang, a place south of Kathmandu valley in Makawanpur district. This is one of the biggest Newari bastions at Chitlang. Balami caste predominates there. Recently a new committee named "Balami Samaaj" has been established to give an identity rather than Newar but as the government has categorized Balami as Newar, this attempt fails.
Kathmandu–Patan–Kirtipur
Also known as ञ-यल-क्येपु भाय् Ña-Yala-Kyēpu Bhāy, this is the most dominant form of language and very close to the standard form of language used in academics and media. It is also the most widely used dialect. Variations are seen in the use of the words, specially nouns, amongst the Buddhists and Hindus. The pronunciation also differs from place to place. E.g.: the people in Kathmandu pronounce ल "water" as la while the people in Bhaktapur say na, which means "muddy water" for the people of Kathmandu.
Bhaktapur
Also known as Khvapa Bhāy ख्वप: भाय्, this dialect is more archaic than the standard. Variations exist in the use of this form of language in Bhaktapur, Banepa, Panauti and Dhulikhel.
Other dialects
In addition to these dialects, there are a few sub-dialects spoken in Kathmandu valley and other parts of Nepal. These are spoken in surrounding villages of Kathmandu valley like Lubhu, Thasi (Siddhipur), Chapagaon, etc. The dialect spoken in Bandipur is the oldest form of Khwapa Bhaaye. The dialect spoken in Chainpur, Bhojpur, Terathum, Palpa is related to Kathmandu and Patan. The dialect spoken in Ridi, Baglung, Arughat (Gorkha) is closer to Bhaktapur. (Bhaktapur is also known as Bhadgaon.)
Sentence structure
Statement sentence-
This language is a SOV (subject–object–verb) language. For instance, "My name is Bilat (Birat)" is "Jigu Na'aa Bilat Khaa'a " which word by word translation becomes, "My (Jigu) Name (Na'aa) Bilat is (Khaa'a)".
Interrogative sentence-Wh-question:
In case of Newari language, Wh-questions are rather "G-questions" with "when/which" being replaced by "Gublay/Gugu" respectively. There is an additional "Guli" which is used for "How much/How many". A S-word "Soo" is used for "who". "Chhoo/Schoo (with a silent 's')" is used for "What", and "Gathey" is used for "How".
. Affixes
i. Suffix- "Chaa" and "Ju" are two popular suffixes. "Chaa" is added to signify "junior" or "lesser". But when added to a name, it is used derogatorily. For example, kya'ah-chaa means nephew where "chaa" is being added to kya'ah(son). When added to name like Birat for "Birat-chaa", it is being used derogatorily. The suffix "ju" is added to show respect. For example, "Baa-ju" means "father-in-law" where "ju" is added to "Baa(father)". Unlike "chaa", "ju" is not added to a first/last name directly. Instead, honorific terms like "Bhaaju" is added for males and "Mayju" for females. Example, "Birat bhaaju" for a male name (Birat) and "Suja Mayju" for a female name (Suja).
ii. Prefix – "Tap'ah" is added to denote "remote" or "distant" relative ('distance' in relationship irrespective of spatial extent). A distant (younger) brother (kija) becomes "tap'ah-kija". "Tuh" is added to denote "higher". Father (baa)'s senior brother is referred to as "Tuh-baa".
Some common phrases and terms in Nepal Bhasa and Nepali
English/Nepal Bhasa /Devanagari/Nepal Bhasa/Roman script/Khas Bhasa (Nepali)
Hello ज्वजलपा Jvajalapā! Namaste
What is your name? छिगु नां: छु खः ? Chigu nāṁḥ chu khaḥ? Tapa'ee'ko naam k' ho?
My name is ___ जिगु नां: ___ ख: Jigu nāṁ: ___ khaḥ. Mero naam ___ ho
New Year greetings न्हूदँया भिंतुना Nhūdaṁyā bhintunā Na'ya barsh'a ko'o shubkamana
Numericals
The numericals used in Nepal Bhasa have ten digits from 0-9. The numericals used in Ranjana script are as follows (from 0 to 9)
The same numericals in Devnagari are:
In Devanāgarī
० .....१.....२.....३.....४.....५.....६.....७.....८.....९
0.....1.....2.....3.....4.....5.....6.....7.....8.....9
गुलिः ..छिः.. नसिः.. साेः.. पिः ..न्याः .. खुः .. न्हेः . .च्याः .. गुः
Consonants
The consonants, called BaAkha(बाआखः), used in Nepal Bhasa
are:
क ख ग घ ङk
/k/ kh
/kʰ/ g
/ɡ/ gh
/ɡʱ/ ng
/ŋ/
च छ ज झ ञ
ch
/cɕ/ or /ts/ chh
/cɕʰ/ j or z
/ɟʝ/ or /dz/ jh or zh
/ɟʝʱ/ or /dzʱ/ ny
/ɲ/
ट ठ ड ढ ण
t
/ʈ/ th
/ʈʰ/ d
/ɖ/ dh
/ɖʱ/ n
/ɳ/
त थ द ध न
t
/t̪/ th
/t̪ʰ/ d
/d̪/ dh
/d̪ʱ/ n
/n̪/
प फ ब भ म
p
/p/ ph or f
/pʰ/ or /f/ b
/b/ bh
/bʱ/ m
/m/
य र ल व
y
/j/ r
/ɾ/ l
/l/ v or w
/v/ or /w/
श ष स ह
s
/ɕ/ sh
/ʃ/ s
/s/ h
/h/
क्ष त्र ज्ञ
ksh
/kʃ/ tr
/t̪ɾ/ gny
/ɡɲ/
Vowels
The vowels, called MaAkha (माआखः) used in Nepal Bhasa are
Orthography अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ अं अः ऋ ॠ ऌ ॡ
Roman a aa i ii u uu e ai o au am aha ru Ru lru lRuu
IPA /ə/ /ɑː/ /i/ /iː/ /u/ /uː/ /eː/ /əi/ /oː/ /əu/ /əⁿ/ /əʰ/ /ru/ /ruː/ /lru/ /lruː/
Even though ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ॡ are present in Nepal Bhasa, they are rarely used. Instead, some experts suggest including अय् (aya)and आय् (aaya) in the list of vowels
The sounds are traditionally listed in the order vowels (monophthongs and diphthongs), anusvara and visarga, stops (plosives and nasals) (starting in the back of the mouth and moving forward), and finally the liquids and fricatives, written in IAST as follows (see the tables below for details):
a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ ; e ai o au
ṃ ḥ
k kh g gh ṅ; c ch j jh ñ; ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ; t th d dh n; p ph b bh m
y r l v; ś ṣ s h
Dialects
The main dialects of Nepal Bhasa are
Dolkhali (Dolakha)
Main article: Dolakhae dialect
This is the most preserved form of the language and resembles the old Nepal Bhasa.
Sindhupalchowk Pahri (Pahri, Pahari)
This dialect has similar vocabulary as the Yala subdialect of Yen-Yala-Kyepu dialect. However, the language is spoken with a Tamang language tone.
Now-a-days, in this district the Tamang caste lives more than other castes. In the new Nepal's constitutional assembly, the largest party of Nepal proposed in Tamsaling Rajya for this district in their federation module.
Totali
Chitlang
This dialect is used in Chitlang, a place south of Kathmandu valley in Makawanpur district. This is one of the biggest Newari bastions at Chitlang. Balami caste predominates there. Recently a new committee named "Balami Samaaj" has been established to give an identity rather than Newar but as the government has categorized Balami as Newar, this attempt fails.
Kathmandu–Patan–Kirtipur
Also known as ञ-यल-क्येपु भाय् Ña-Yala-Kyēpu Bhāy, this is the most dominant form of language and very close to the standard form of language used in academics and media. It is also the most widely used dialect. Variations are seen in the use of the words, specially nouns, amongst the Buddhists and Hindus. The pronunciation also differs from place to place. E.g.: the people in Kathmandu pronounce ल "water" as la while the people in Bhaktapur say na, which means "muddy water" for the people of Kathmandu.
Bhaktapur
Also known as Khvapa Bhāy ख्वप: भाय्, this dialect is more archaic than the standard. Variations exist in the use of this form of language in Bhaktapur, Banepa, Panauti and Dhulikhel.
Other dialects
In addition to these dialects, there are a few sub-dialects spoken in Kathmandu valley and other parts of Nepal. These are spoken in surrounding villages of Kathmandu valley like Lubhu, Thasi (Siddhipur), Chapagaon, etc. The dialect spoken in Bandipur is the oldest form of Khwapa Bhaaye. The dialect spoken in Chainpur, Bhojpur, Terathum, Palpa is related to Kathmandu and Patan. The dialect spoken in Ridi, Baglung, Arughat (Gorkha) is closer to Bhaktapur. (Bhaktapur is also known as Bhadgaon.)
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